Pediatric Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: A case report and diagnostic challenges

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a hereditary motor sensory neuropathy affecting about one in 2500 individuals that is characterized by progressive weakness and loss of touch sensation affecting different parts of the body. Despite its significant genetic heterogeneity, CMT is rarely reported in the Indian literature. We report a 10-year-old boy with CMT presented with severe calf pain, bilateral pes cavus deformity, and areflexia. His mother also had similar symptoms, and the diagnosis was confirmed by neuroimaging and nerve conduction studies. This highlights the importance of considering CMT disease in patients with progressive muscle weakness and deformities, especially with a family history of similar symptoms.

High diagnostic yield with algorithmic molecular approach on hereditary neuropathies

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease covers a group of inherited peripheral neuropathies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of targeted next-generation sequencing panels on the molecular diagnosis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and its subtypes in routine clinical practice, and also to show the limitations and importance of next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases. METHODS: This is a retrospective study. Three different molecular methods (multiplex ligation probe amplification, next-generation sequencing, and whole-exome sequencing) were used to detect the mutations related to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. RESULTS: In total, 64 patients (33 males and 31 females) with suspected Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease were analyzed for molecular etiology. In all, 25 (39%) patients were diagnosed by multiplex ligation probe amplification. With an extra 11 patients with normal PMP22 multiplex ligation probe amplification results that were consulted to our laboratory for further genetic analysis, a total of 50 patients underwent next-generation sequencing for targeted gene panels associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Notably, 18 (36%) patients had pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants. Whole-exome sequencing was performed on five patients with normal next-generation sequencing results; the diagnostic yield by whole-exome sequencing was 80% and it was higher in the childhood group. CONCLUSION: The molecular etiology in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease patients can be determined according to pre-test evaluation, deciding the inheritance type with pedigree analysis, the clinical phenotype, and an algorithm for the genetic analysis. The presence of patients without a molecular diagnosis in all the literature suggests that there are new genes or mechanisms waiting to be discovered in the etiology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Diagnostic value of F wave changes in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth1A and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze and compare the characteristics and causes of F wave changes in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth1A (CMT1A) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP).@*METHODS@#Thirty patients with CMT1A and 30 patients with CIDP were enrolled in Peking University Third Hospital from January 2012 to December 2018. Their clinical data, electrophysiological data(nerve conduction velocity, F wave and H reflex) and neurological function scores were recorded. Some patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging of brachial plexus and lumbar plexus, and the results were analyzed and compared.@*RESULTS@#The average motor conduction velocity (MCV) of median nerve was (21.10±10.60) m/s in CMT1A and (31.52±12.46) m/s in CIDP. There was a significant difference between the two groups (t=-6.75, P < 0.001). About 43.3% (13/30) of the patients with CMT1A did not elicit F wave in ulnar nerve, which was significantly higher than that of the patients with CIDP (4/30, 13.3%), χ2=6.65, P=0.010. Among the patients who could elicit F wave, the latency of F wave in CMT1A group was (52.40±17.56) ms and that in CIDP group was (42.20±12.73) ms. There was a significant difference between the two groups (t=2.96, P=0.006). The occurrence rate of F wave in CMT1A group was 34.6%±39%, and that in CIDP group was 70.7%±15.2%. There was a significant difference between the two groups (t=-5.13, P < 0.001). The MCV of median nerve in a patient with anti neurofascin 155 (NF155) was 23.22 m/s, the latency of F wave was 62.9-70.7 ms, and the occurrence rate was 85%-95%. The proportion of brachial plexus and lumbar plexus thickening in CMT1A was 83.3% (5/6) and 85.7% (6/7), respectively. The proportion of brachial plexus and lumbar plexus thickening in the CIDP patients was only 25.0% (1/4, 2/8). The nerve roots of brachial plexus and lumbar plexus were significantly thickened in a patient with anti NF155 antibody.@*CONCLUSION@#The prolonged latency of F wave in patients with CMT1A reflects the homogenous changes in both proximal and distal peripheral nerves, which can be used as a method to differentiate the CIDP patients characterized by focal demyelinating pathology. Moreover, attention should be paid to differentiate it from the peripheral neuropathy caused by anti NF155 CIDP. Although F wave is often used as an indicator of proximal nerve injury, motor neuron excitability, anterior horn cells, and motor nerve myelin sheath lesions can affect its latency and occurrence rate. F wave abnormalities need to be comprehensively analyzed in combination with the etiology, other electrophysiological results, and MRI imaging.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: from historical landmarks in Brazil to current care perspectives / Doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth: dos marcos históricos no Brasil até as perspectivas atuais de cuidado

Abstract Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy, also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT), traditionally refers to a group of genetic disorders in which neuropathy is the main or sole feature. Its prevalence varies according to different populations studied, with an estimate between 1:2,500 to 1:10,000. Since the identification of PMP22 gene duplication on chromosome 17 by Vance et al., in 1989, more than 100 genes have been related to this group of disorders, and we have seen advances in the care of patients, with identification of associated conditions and better supportive treatments, including clinical and surgical interventions. Also, with discoveries in the field of genetics, including RNA interference and gene editing techniques, new treatment perspectives begin to emerge. In the present work, we report the most import landmarks regarding CMT research in Brazil and provide a comprehensive review on topics such as frequency of different genes associated with CMT in our population, prevalence of pain, impact on pregnancy, respiratory features, and development of new therapies.

Resumo A neuropatia sensitivo-motora hereditária, também conhecida como doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT), tradicionalmente se refere a um grupo de doenças genéticas em que a neuropatia é a principal ou única manifestação. Sua prevalência varia de acordo com as diferentes populações estudadas, com estimativa entre 1:2.500 a 1:10.000. Desde a identificação da duplicação do gene PMP22 no cromossomo 17, por Vance et al., em 1989, mais de 100 genes foram relacionados a esse grupo de doenças e temos visto avanços no atendimento aos pacientes, com identificação de condições associadas e melhores tratamentos de suporte, incluindo intervenções clínicas e cirúrgicas. Além disso, com as descobertas no campo da genética, incluindo técnicas de interferência de RNA e de edição genética, novas perspectivas de tratamento começaram a surgir. No presente trabalho, relatamos os marcos mais importantes sobre a pesquisa de CMT no Brasil e fornecemos uma revisão abrangente sobre tópicos como frequência de diferentes genes associados à CMT em nossa população, prevalência de dor, impacto na gravidez, alterações respiratórias e desenvolvimento de novas terapias.

Recording cutaneous silent period parameters in hereditary and acquired neuropathies / Registro do período de silêncio cutâneo em neuropatias adquiridas e hereditárias

Abstract Background Cutaneous silent period (CSP) is the interruption in muscle activity after painful stimulation of a sensory nerve. Objective The aim of the present study is to assess CSP changes in patients with polyneuropathy (PNP). Methods The present study was carried out to assess CSP in individuals with diabetes (DM) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The sample comprised 24 individuals with DM, 10 individuals with CMT1 disease, and 10 individuals with CMT2 disease. The control group (CG) consisted of 59 individuals. Results The mean latencies recorded for the upper limbs in the CG were 79.2 milliseconds (onset latency), 69.3 milliseconds (50% reduction latency), 112.2 milliseconds (end latency), and 33.1 milliseconds (CSP duration). On the other hand, the mean latencies recorded for the lower limbs were 99.0 milliseconds (onset latency), 85.0 milliseconds (50% reduction latency), 136.9 milliseconds (end latency), and 38.2 milliseconds (CSP duration). The mean latencies recorded for the CG were significantly lower than the ones recorded for other groups, both in the upper and lower limbs. Conclusions Cutaneous silent period values recorded for the CG in the present study were close to the ones reported in studies available in the literature. Abnormal CSP parameters were observed in the group of individuals with PNP. The end latency in the lower limbs helped differentiating the demyelinating subgroup from the axonal one.

Resumo Antecedentes Período de silêncio cutâneo (PSC) é uma interrupção da atividade muscular após a estimulação dolorosa de um nervo sensitivo. Objetivo O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar alterações do PSC em indivíduos com polineuropatia. Métodos O presente estudo avaliou PSC em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus (DM) e com doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT). A amostra compreendia 24 indivíduos com DM, 10 indivíduos com CMT tipo 1 e 10 indivíduos com CMT tipo 2. Um grupo controle continha 59 indivíduos. Resultados A média das latências do PSC registradas nos membros superiores no grupo controle foi 79,2 milissegundos (latência de início), 69,3 milissegundos (latência com redução de 50%), 112,2 milissegundos (latência final) e 33,1 milissegundos (duração do PSC). Por outro lado, a média das latências do PSC registradas nos membros inferiores foi 99,0 milissegundos (latência de início), 85,0 milissegundos (latência com redução de 50%), 136,9 milissegundos (latência final) e 38,2 milissegundos (duração do PSC). A média das latências registradas no grupo controle foi significativamente menor do que as registradas nos outros grupos (DM e CMT), tanto nos membros inferiores quanto nos superiores. Conclusões Os valores do PSC registrados no grupo controle no presente estudo estiveram próximos aos reportados na literatura. Parâmetros anormais foram observados no grupo de indivíduos com polineuropatia. A latência final do PSC obtida nos membros inferiores ajudou a diferenciar os subgrupos desmielinizantes e axonais.

Clinical features of a pedigree of charcot-marie-tooth disease type 2cc caused by the point mutation of NEFH gene / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

The clinical data of 4 patients in a pedigree of charcot-marie-tooth disease type 2cc (CMT2cc) caused by the NEFH gene mutation from the Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Children′s Hospital in March 2020 were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.The purpose of this study was to improve clinicians′ awareness of the di-sease.The pedigree had signs and symptoms of varying degrees of pyramidal fasciculus involvement, high arched feet, and achilles tendon contracture.The electrophysiological testing of both lower extremities suggested sensory and motor nerve axonal damage, and an abnormal visual evoked potential was observed.Second-generation sequencing revealed that the pathogenic factor was the NEFH gene variation: c.1319G>A (p.Ser440Asn), which is a new mutation site that has never been reported before. NEFH mutations can cause a complex clinical phenotype of CMT2cc, which is therefore easily misdiagnosed.Central and peripheral nerves are simultaneously involved in CMT2cc patients.Electrophysiological testing and genetic analysis are required to clarify the diagnosis of CMT2cc.

Clinical features of a pedigree of charcot-marie-tooth disease type 2cc caused by the point mutation of NEFH gene / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

The clinical data of 4 patients in a pedigree of charcot-marie-tooth disease type 2cc (CMT2cc) caused by the NEFH gene mutation from the Department of Rehabilitation, Tianjin Children′s Hospital in March 2020 were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.The purpose of this study was to improve clinicians′ awareness of the di-sease.The pedigree had signs and symptoms of varying degrees of pyramidal fasciculus involvement, high arched feet, and achilles tendon contracture.The electrophysiological testing of both lower extremities suggested sensory and motor nerve axonal damage, and an abnormal visual evoked potential was observed.Second-generation sequencing revealed that the pathogenic factor was the NEFH gene variation: c.1319G>A (p.Ser440Asn), which is a new mutation site that has never been reported before. NEFH mutations can cause a complex clinical phenotype of CMT2cc, which is therefore easily misdiagnosed.Central and peripheral nerves are simultaneously involved in CMT2cc patients.Electrophysiological testing and genetic analysis are required to clarify the diagnosis of CMT2cc.

The genetic distribution in Chinese patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases: a 14-year cohort study / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To investigate the genetic distribution of pathogenic genes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases (CMT) in Chinese Han population, and compare the similarity and difference with the data in Peking University Third Hospital in 2013.Methods:Five hundred and twenty families with CMT and related diseases in Peking University Third Hospital and China-Japan Friendship Hospital from January 2007 to March 2021 were collected. After peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene duplication and deletion mutations were initially detected by multiple ligation probe amplification, the probands of these families were sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panel or whole exome sequencing, and validated by Sanger sequencing.Results:Among the 520 families, 336 CMT families were genetically confirmed, and the mutation detection rate increased from 48.6% (51/105) in 2013 to 64.6% (336/520) in 2021 (χ 2=9.54, P=0.003). Among them, 139 families had PMP22 gene duplication mutation (139/520, 26.7%), 46 families had gap junction beta-1 (GJB1) gene mutation (46/520, 8.8%), 26 families had mitofusin-2 (MFN2) gene mutation (26/520, 5.0%), 12 families had myelin protein zero (MPZ) gene mutation (12/520, 2.3%), 11 families had PMP22 gene point mutation (11/520, 2.1%), and 10 families had heat shock protein B1 gene mutation (10/520, 1.9%). There were 10 families with ganglioside induced differentiation associated protein 1 (GDAP1) gene mutation (10/520, 1.9%), 8 families with SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (SH3TC2) gene mutation (8/520, 1.5%), 7 families with immunoglobulin mu DNA binding protein 2 (IGHMBP2) gene mutation (7/520, 1.3%), 6 families with MORC family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) gene mutation (6/520, 1.2%), 5 families with sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) gene mutation (5/520, 1.0%), 16 families with very rare gene mutation (16/520, 3.1%) and 184 families without genetic diagnosis (184/520, 35.4%). Conclusions:Compared with the results in 2013, the 3 most common genes affecting CMT were still PMP22, GJB1 and MFN2 genes, but the proportion difference of patients with MPZ gene mutation gradually decreased with other genes such as SH3TC2 and GDAP1 genes. The proportion of newly discovered CMT genes, such as MORC2 and SORD genes, was similar with IGHMBP2 gene, which should be paid more attention. NGS greatly improved the detection rate of CMT, especially for patients with autosomal recessive-CMT.

SPTLC2 gene mutation leads to intermediate Charcot-Marries-Tooth disease: a family report / 中华神经科杂志

Objective:To report a SPTLC2 gene mutation in a family with a phenotype of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.Methods:To screen the family of patients with pathogenic mutations of SPTLC2 gene from the database of hereditary peripheral neuropathy in the Department of Neurology, Peking University First Hospital, and to collect their clinical data, peripheral nerve conduction examination, nerve ultrasound examination, pathological examination of the peroneal nerve and whole exome sequencing results of prohand.Results:One family was screened, the proband was a 16-year-old female with 4 years of sensory loss and anhidrosis of both lower limbs and 16 months of walking difficulty who admitted to Peking University First Hospital in January 2022. Physical examination showed sensory loss, dry skin and weakness in distal limbs. Her father had numbness and dry skin in the distal lower limbs from childhood,weakness and atrophy of his lower limbs in adulthood. He died at age of 52 years old. The nerve conduction study revealed no action potentials of the sensory and motor nerves of the lower limbs in the proband. The amplitude of the compound muscle action potential of the motor conduction of the bilateral ulnar nerve and median nerve decreased, and the nerve conduction velocity of the bilateral median nerve were 32 m/s and 24 m/s. Neurosonography showed thickening of peripheral nerves. Sural biopsy revealed severe loss of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers with onion bulbs formation. SPTLC2 gene showed a known heterozygous p.G435V mutation. The lower limb weakness was improved after oral L-serine.Conclusions:SPTLC2 gene mutation can lead to an intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease phenotype. L-serine can improve the limb weakness.

Novel MFN2, BSCL2 and LRSAM1 variants in a cohort of Chinese patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease / 中华内科杂志

Objective:Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) comprises a group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous inherited neuropathies with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 2500. This study aimed to analyze the clinical and mutational characteristics of Chinese CMT patients with MFN2, BSCL2 and LRSAM1 variants.Methods:In this study, genetic analysis was performed in 206 Chinese patients at Chinese PLA General Hospital from December 2012 to March 2020 with clinical diagnosis of CMT, and reported variants of MFN2, BSCL2 and LRSAM1 related to CMT2.Results:We reported ten MFN2 mutations in ten unrelated patients (7 male, 3 female), two of whom had positive family history. Three novel mutations were detected including c.475-2A>G (splicing); c.687dupA (p.E230Rfs*16) and c.558dupT (p.S186fs). We reported three BSCL2 mutations of four unrelated patients, including c.461C>G (p.S154W), c.461C>T(p.S154L), and novel variants of c.1309G>C (p.A437P) and c.845C>T (p.A282V). Furthermore, two novel variants of LRSAM1, including c.1930G>T (p.G644C) and c.1178T>A (p.L393Q) were detected in two unrelated patients.Conclusion:Mutational spectrum of MFN2-, BSCL2-and LRSAM1-related CMT disease is expanded with the identification of novel variants in Chinese patients.

Atypical presentation of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Q by mutations on DHTKD1 and NTRK2 genes / Presentación atípica de enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth tipo 2Q por mutaciones en los genes DHTKD1 y NTRK2

Abstract Background: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Q (CMT2Q) is a rare disorder (< 1/1,000,000 individuals worldwide) linked to chromosome 10p14 in the DHTKD1 gene. This phenotype is characterized by an adolescent or adulthood-onset, slowly progressive distal muscle weakness and symmetrical atrophy associated with reduced or absent deep tendon reflexes. Currently, only two familiar cases from China have been reported: one familiar case of eight individuals affected by isolated DHTKD1 gene mutation and one familiar case of two individuals affected by DHTKD1 gene mutation and GJB1 gene mutation. Case report: We present the case of a 10-year-old male patient with obesity, frequent falls, swollen legs and thighs, and pain in the lower and upper limbs. We performed the clinical evaluation and a clinical targeted exome test, which reported mutations on DHTKD1 y NTRK2 genes. Conclusions: Due to scientific and technological advances, genetic dysfunctions that can cause different diseases have been identified with greater sensitivity. Globally, this is the eleventh case reported of DHTKD1 gene mutation linked to CMT2Q. Moreover, this is the first case related to NTRK2 gene mutation (linked to obesity, hyperphagia, and delayed development). The patient showed an atypical CMT2Q phenotype additional to obesity. Therefore, we propose to study metabolic disorders linked to hereditary peripheral neuropathies.

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth tipo 2Q (CMT2Q) es una alteración poco frecuente (< 1/1,000,000 habitantes en todo el mundo) condicionada por mutaciones en el gen DHTKD1, localizado en el cromosoma 10p14. El padecimiento inicia en la adolescencia o la edad adulta de manera lenta y progresiva, con debilidad muscular y atrofia distal simétrica, y afecta predominantemente las extremidades inferiores y los reflejos tendinosos profundos, que se encuentran reducidos o ausentes. Solo se ha reportado un caso familiar de ocho personas afectadas con la mutación aislada en el gen DHTKD1 y un caso familiar de dos personas afectadas con mutaciones en los genes DHTKD1 y GJB1, ambas familias de China. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino de 10 años y 11 meses de edad con obesidad, caídas frecuentes, edema de miembros pélvicos y dolor en las extremidades inferiores y superiores. Se realizaron valoración clínica y estudio genético molecular de exoma dirigido, el cual reportó mutaciones en los genes DHTKD1 y NTRK2. Conclusiones: Gracias al avance científico y tecnológico se han podido identificar con mayor precisión las alteraciones genéticas causantes de diferentes enfermedades. Este es el undécimo caso reportado en el mundo de una mutación en el gen DHTKD1 asociada con la enfermedad de CMT2Q. También es el primer caso relacionado con una mutación del gen NTRK2 (asociada con obesidad, hiperfagia y retraso en el desarrollo). El paciente presentó un cuadro clínico atípico de enfermedad de CMT2Q agregado a obesidad. Por ello, se sugiere estudiar a fondo la conexión entre trastornos metabólicos y neuropatías periféricas hereditarias.

Prevalence and characterization of pain in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A / Prevalência e caracterização da dor na doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth tipo 1A

ABSTRACT Background: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is the most common form of hereditary neuropathy. Objective: To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of pain in patients with CMT1A. Methods: Nineteen patients with a diagnosis of CMT1A were evaluated between September 2018 and October 2019, and other causes of neuropathy were ruled out. The following tools were used for the pain assessment: neurological assessment, LANSS, DN4, clinical evaluation, VAS, CMTNS2 and SF-36. Statistical analysis was performed using prevalence analysis, t test, chi-square test and Spearman's rho. Results: The prevalence of pain was 84.2% in the sample of this study, with moderate intensity and nociceptive characteristics according to the LANSS scale (75%) and clinical evaluation (50%), but differing from DN4, which found neuropathic pain in the majority of the patients (56.2%). Mixed pain was also observed in 43.7% of the patients, according to clinical criteria. There was a statistically significant correlation between pain intensity and SF-36, thus demonstrating that the lower the pain was, the lower the impairment was, in all domains. Conclusion: Pain is a prevalent and important symptom in CMT1A, with moderate intensity and nociceptive characteristics according to two tools, but neuropathic pain is also present, and there may even be a mixed pattern of pain. The correlation of the pain with SF-36 suggests that pain relief could provide improvements to the quality of life of these individuals.

RESUMO Introdução: A doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth tipo 1 A (CMT1A) é a forma mais comum de neuropatia hereditária. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e as características de dor nos pacientes com a doença de CMT1A. Métodos: Dezenove pacientes com diagnóstico de CMT1A foram avaliados de setembro 2018 a outubro de 2019, e outras causas de neuropatia foram excluídas. As seguintes ferramentas foram utilizadas para avaliar a dor: avaliação neurológica, LANSS, DN4, avaliação clínica, EVA, CMTNS2 e SF-36. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de análise de prevalência, bem como pelos testes T, do qui-quadrado e rô de Sperman. Resultados: A prevalência de dor foi de 84,2% na amostra do estudo, com intensidade moderada e características nociceptivas de acordo com a escala LANSS (75%) e a avaliação clínica (50%), diferentemente da escala DN4, que encontrou dor neuropática na maioria dos pacientes (56,2%). Dor mista também foi verificada em 43,7% dos pacientes, de acordo com os critérios clínicos. Houve significância estatística da correlação entre a intensidade da dor e o SF-36, demonstrando que quanto menor a dor, menor o comprometimento em todos os domínios. Conclusão: A dor é um sintoma prevalente e relevante na CMT1A, com intensidade moderada e características nociceptivas de acordo com duas ferramentas, mas dor neuropática também está presente, e ainda pode haver padrão misto de dor. A correlação da dor com SF-36 sugere que o alívio da dor pode proporcionar melhorias na qualidade de vida desses indivíduos.

Disfagia na doença de Carcot-Marie-Tooth: relato de caso / Dysphagia in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease: a case report

A doença de Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) é uma polineuropatia motora, sensitiva, hereditária e de predomínio distal. Os membros inferiores são os mais afetados e, ocasionalmente, há comprometimento dos membros superiores. Este estudo descreve a presença de disfagia orofaríngea e a intervenção fonoaudiológica em uma paciente de 58 anos com diagnóstico de CMT, encaminhada à avaliação fonoaudiológica devido a queixas na deglutição. Na avaliação inicial identificaram-se alterações, tanto de caráter estrutural quanto funcional, que resultaram em uma disfagia orofaríngea leve. Também se utilizou o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida na Disfagia para identificar o impacto na qualidade de vida da paciente. Após um mês de acompanhamento observou-se melhora dos sintomas e aumento do conforto e segurança ao deglutir. (AU)

Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a motor and sensory, hereditary, distally predominant polyneuropathy. The lower limbs are most affected and, occasionally, there is upper limb impairment; however, presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia has been identified. The present study describes the findings and speech therapy intervention in a 58-year-old patient, with CMT diagnosis, referred to speech therapy evaluation due to swallowing complaints. In an initial evaluation, presence of structural and functional alterations, resulting in mild oropharyngeal dysphagia, was identified. The Swallowing Quality of Life questionnaire was also used to identify the impact of dysphagia in the patient's quality of life. After a month of follow-up, an improvement was observed in the presenting symptoms, as well as an increase in comfort and safety during swallowing. (AU)

Non-invasive prenatal test for autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in a fetus using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction / 中华围产医学杂志

We report the use of droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) in non-invasive prenatal test fetal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) caused by MFN2 gene mutation. The proband, namely the husband, was found with heterozygous mutation of c.919A>G(p.K307E) in the MFN2 gene, which was diagnosed as CMT type 2A2A at a local hospital. The proband's wife underwent genetic counseling after conception at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Peripheral blood obtained from the pregnant woman was analyzed by ddPCR at eight gestational weeks, which found the fetus to carry a paternal pathogenic gene mutation. Sanger sequencing for the chorionic sample at 11 gestational weeks further verified that the fetus was a c.919G>A(p.K307E) heterozygous mutation carrier, the same as the proband. ddPCR could be applied to cell-free fetal DNA to detect the paternal pathogenic gene mutation in the non-invasive prenatal test.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Calf MRI in a Patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 2E：A Case Study / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

We present a case report that a longitudinal calf MR evaluation was performed for a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease who underwent bilateral reconstructive foot surgeries. A 39 years-old female was referred to our department because of severe bilateral cavus foot deformities and difficulty to walk. On radiological findings, severe bilateral cavus foot deformities were confirmed. On MR findings, fatty infiltrations were detected in the wide range of bilateral lower leg compartments. Difficulty to walk aggravated despite of the conservative treatment, so bilateral reconstructive foot surgeries were performed. She acquired plantigrade and better walking function postoperatively. Two years after surgery, no recurrence of cavus foot deformity was observed, but claw toe deformities and fatty infiltrations were mildly progressing. Since CMT is slowly progressive, we need to conduct a careful follow-up.

Longitudinal Evaluation of Calf MRI in a Patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease 2E：A Case Study / The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine

We present a case report that a longitudinal calf MR evaluation was performed for a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease who underwent bilateral reconstructive foot surgeries. A 39 years-old female was referred to our department because of severe bilateral cavus foot deformities and difficulty to walk. On radiological findings, severe bilateral cavus foot deformities were confirmed. On MR findings, fatty infiltrations were detected in the wide range of bilateral lower leg compartments. Difficulty to walk aggravated despite of the conservative treatment, so bilateral reconstructive foot surgeries were performed. She acquired plantigrade and better walking function postoperatively. Two years after surgery, no recurrence of cavus foot deformity was observed, but claw toe deformities and fatty infiltrations were mildly progressing. Since CMT is slowly progressive, we need to conduct a careful follow-up.

Spinal anesthesia in a patient with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease undergoing orthopedic surgery: case report / Anestesia raquídea en un paciente con enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth sometido a cirugía ortopédica: reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: It is uncommon to come across patients with neuromuscular diseases in the daily practice of anesthesia, given the low prevalence of those conditions. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most frequently, caused by an inherited abnormal myelin structure pattern. In view of the low prevalence of this condition (1:25,000), there is little information, derived mostly from case reports, about the use of neuroaxial anesthesia in these patients. Case presentation: Description of a patient with underlying CMT disease compromising lower limb mobility, who comes to the emergency service due to lower limb pain. After being diagnosed with an acetabular fracture, the patient underwent orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia, selected based on patient comorbidities, and the immediate postoperative follow-up. Results: The anesthetic and surgical procedures proceeded uneventfully and no neuropathic worsening was observed during the next 24 hours. Conclusion: Uneventful neuroaxial anesthesia is reported in a patient with neuromuscular disease. The case contributes to show the benefits and safety of this form of anesthesia when compared with other options.

Resumen Introducción: En la práctica anestésica diaria es raro enfrentarse a pacientes con patologías neuromusculares, dada la poca pre-valencia de dichas patologías. La más frecuente de ellas es la enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth, en la cual se hereda un patrón alterado en la estructura de la mielina. Debido a la baja prevalencia de esta patología (1:25000), el uso de anestesia neuroaxial en dichos pacientes no cuenta con mucha información, y mucha de ella proviene de reportes de casos. Presentación del caso: Se describe el caso de un paciente con enfermedad de Charcot-Marie-Tooth, de base, con compromiso de la movilidad en miembros inferiores, y quien asiste a urgencias por dolor en miembro inferior. Tras ser diagnosticado con fractura de acetábulo, fue sometido a cirugía ortopédica bajo anestesia raquídea, indicada a la luz de sus comorbilidades, y el posterior seguimiento inmediato. Resultados: Se realiza el procedimiento anestésico y quirúrgico sin complicaciones, y no se presenta empeoramiento de la neuropatía en las 24 horas posteriores. Conclusiones: Se reporta un caso de anestesia neuroaxial en paciente con enfermedad neuromuscular sin incidencias, que ayuda así a ir mostrando los beneficios de la mencionada anestesia y su seguridad frente a otras opciones.

miR-381 Attenuates Peripheral Neuropathic Phenotype Caused by Overexpression of PMP22

Charcot-Marie Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), the major type of CMT, is caused by duplication of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) gene whose overexpression causes structural and functional abnormalities in myelination. We investigated whether miRNA-mediated regulation of PMP22 expression could reduce the expression level of PMP22, thereby alleviating the demyelinating neuropathic phenotype of CMT1A. We found that several miRNAs were down-regulated in C22 mouse, a CMT1A mouse model. Among them, miR-381 could target 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of PMP22 in vitro based on Western botting and quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR) results. In vivo efficacy of miR-381 was assessed by administration of LV-miR-381, an miR-381 expressing lentiviral vector, into the sciatic nerve of C22 mice by a single injection at postnatal day 6 (p6). Administration of LV-miR-381 reduced expression level of PMP22 along with elevated level of miR-381 in the sciatic nerve. Rotarod performance analysis revealed that locomotor coordination of LV-miR-381 administered C22 mice was significantly enhanced from 8 weeks post administration. Electrophysiologically, increased motor nerve conduction velocity was observed in treated mice. Histologically, toluidine blue staining and electron microscopy revealed that structural abnormalities of myelination were improved in sciatic nerves of LV-miR-381 treated mice. Therefore, delivery of miR-381 ameliorated the phenotype of peripheral neuropathy in CMT1A mouse model by down-regulating PMP22 expression. These data suggest that miRNA can be used as a potent therapeutic strategy to control diseases with copy number variations such as CMT1A.

Analysis of a pedigree with autosomal dominant intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type E and nephropathy / 中华医学遗传学杂志

Objective@#To explore phenotypic and mutational characteristics of a pedigree affected with autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and nephropathy.@*Methods@#Clinical data of the proband and his family members was collected. Electrophysiology, renal biopsy and next-generation sequencing were carried out for the proband.@*Results@#The proband presented with distal lower limb weakness and proteinuria in childhood. His mother and brother had similar symptoms. Electrophysiological test of the proband revealed demyelination and axonal changes in both motor and sensory nerves. Renal biopsy suggested focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous c. 341G>A (p.G114D) mutation in exon 2 of the INF2 gene.@*Conclusion@#The phenotypic feature of the pedigree is autosomal dominant intermediate CMT and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, which may be attributed to the c. 341G>A mutation of the INF2 gene.

The electrophysiological characteristics of the four most common genotypes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To analyze the electrophysiological characteristics of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease 1A,1X,2A and myelin protein zero (MPZ)-related CMT in Chinese patients.Methods Baseline electrophysiological data from 36 CMT1A patients,78 CMT1X patients,31 CMT2A patients and 10 MPZ-related CMT patients in the Third Xiangya Hospital and Xiangya Hospital of Central South University during 2004-2018 were analyzed.Electrophysiological recordings were taken from the upper limbs (median nerve,ulnar nerve) and lower limbs (tibial nerve,peroneal nerve).Demyelination in different nerve segments was assessed by measurement of distal motor latency,motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV),sensory nerve conduction velocity and F-wave latency,and calculation of conduction block,terminal latency index (TLI) and modified F ratio (MFR);Axonal degeneration was assessed by measuring compound motor action potential (CMAP) and sensory nerve action potential.The relationship between the gender,age at onset,duration,Overall Neuropathy Limitation Scale (ONLS) score and indexes of peripheral nerve electrophysiology was statistically analyzed.Results The peripheral nerves of CMT1A patients were characterized by uniform demyelination and axonal degeneration.MNCV ((21.39± 6.72) m/s) and CMAP amplitude (2.40 (3.50) mY) of median nerve of CMT1A patients were decreased.The peripheral nerves of CMT1X patients were also characterized by uniform demyelination and axonal degeneration.MNCV (35.20 (6.77) m/s) and CMAP amplitude (2.60 (3.79) mY) of median nerve of CMT1X patients were decreased.CMT2A patients showed axonal degeneration of the peripheral nerves and CMAP amplitude ((4.75 ±2.38) mV) of median nerve of CMT2A patients was decreased.The electrophysiological data in MPZ-related CMT patients demonstrated variability.The TLI and MFR for the median and ulnar nerves in these four subtypes were normal.MNCV (r=0.423,P=0.025) of median nerve in CMT1A patients was positively correlated with age at onset.MNCV (r=0.782,P=-0.013) of median nerve in MPZ-related CMT patients was positively correlated with age at onset.CMAP amplitude (r=0.652,P＜0.01) of median nerve in CMT2A patients was positively correlated with age at onset.Demyelination and axonal degeneration in male CMT1X patients were relatively more severe than those in female patients,and MNCV (Z=-3.300,P＜0.01) and CMAP amplitude (Z=-3.960,P＜0.01) of median nerve,MNCV (Z=-2.56,P=0.011) and CMAP amplitude (Z=-2.311,P=0.048) of ulnar nerve of male patients were lower than those of female patients.The ONLS score of CMT1A (r=-0.494,P＜0.01),CMT1X (r=-0.596,P＜0.01) and CMT2A patients (r=-0.494,P=0.012) was inversely associated with CMAP amplitude.Conclusions The electrophysiological characteristics of CMT1A,CMT1X,CMT2A and MPZ-related CMT are different.Electrophysiological examinations are the basis of clinical classification and could provide guidance for further genetic testing and diagnosis.CMAP amplitude may serve as an objective index to assess the severity of functional disability in CMT patients.